![]() Affirmative action currently tends to emphasize not specific quotas but rather "targeted goals" to address past discrimination in a particular institution or in broader society through "good-faith efforts. Affirmative action included the use of racial quotas until the Supreme Court ruled that quotas were unconstitutional in 1978. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which required government contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" but affirmative action eventually evolved into a complex system of group preferences which would face many legal challenges. ![]() Another goal of affirmative action policies is to ensure that public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve. These programs tend to focus on access to education and employment in order to redress the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. In the United States, affirmative action consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to historically excluded groups, specifically racial minorities and women. Affirmative action and other forms of selective employment are not banned ![]()
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